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Drawing upon primary documents and interviews, the text examines negotiation behaviour, and strategies and tools of statecraft, as well as analysing technical aspects of initiatives concerning the nuclear programme. Dr. Alpaslan Özerdem is the Dean of the Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School for Peace and Conflict Resolution and professor of peace and conflict studies. Editors' Note: Chapters 7 and 8 address a particular approach to conflict resolution, most often called interactive conflict resolution, from the distinct viewpoints of a practitioner and a scholar ().In Chapter 7, Harold Saunders and his collaborators provide an . The election time is the time when parties help people to think over national as well as local issues. Resolving African crises. August 2010. Procedural equality is about the distribution of scarce resources and decision-making across competing groups, but more importantly, it is about power. Conflicts concerning these issues have shaped the ways we have interacted as a species over the course of centuries. As a result, the amount of chronic, on-going, systemic conflict can be dramatically reduced by assuming that there is more than one correct answer, by adopting a complex, egalitarian, interest-based approach to conflict resolution, and by allowing no one to lose just so that others can win. International Day Of Non-Violence – A Tribute To Mahatma Gandhi. John Stuart Mill, a libertarian, advanced this philosophic principle, pointing out that the state was no greater than the individuals who composed it (Ebenstein and Ebenstein 1991:630). Just as a peace process has many dimensions and stakeholders, so the discourses considered here come from a wide range of sources and actors. For example, managers are often supposed to act as facilitators when resolving conflict when they often contribute to it. Constitutional democracy should have a normative goal of responding to the needs of all who live within its reach. It’s him. The 2007 Social Cohesion survey also showed that the majority of Rwandans believed in the effectiveness of the central government, with 56% of respondents agreeing that decisions that affect communities should be left to the government. Louise Diamond, Herbert C.Kelman, John Marks, Joseph V.Montville, and Vamik Volkan. Take advantage of his uniquely effective insights and interactivity to effect the change you want. Individuals—even entire communities—can short-circuit the feedback loops of outrage and blame, if they want to. This is a mind-opening new way to think about conflict that will transform how we move through the world. Then, exemplifying Rwanda, we move to an argument that community capacity building through grassroots leadership is a necessary and sufficient ingredient for the development and sustenance of African democracy. The Conflict Resolution Process. resolution, as evidenced by their increasing use as conduits for international aid, is attributable in considerable part to their increasing political clout within democratic systems as well as to the potential that diplomats see in the emerging techniques of conflict resolution and to the advantages NGOs have in using those techniques. London, Amnesty International. Kalu, Kelechi A. This book offers a detailed study of the psycho-politics of governmental manipulation, in which a vulnerable population is disciplined by contorting their sense of self-worth. Evaluation and impact assessment of the National Unity and Reconciliation Commission (NURC). An inherent and inescapable part of our very existence, conflicts act as a catalyst for change in our society, and are here to stay. Lederach (1995:10) has also argued that ‘understanding conflict and developing appropriate models of response necessarily needs to be rooted in [the ethnology of a community] and must respect and draw from the cultural knowledge of a people’. The Democracy, Politics, and Conflict Engagement Initiative (DPACE) is committed to enhancing the capacity of social movements, political organizations, and communities to engage with conflict creatively and constructively in order to strengthen democracy and create a more just society. By 2007, there were 9 women in the 26-seat Senate and 38 women in the 80-seat Chamber of Deputies. Fluid as it may appear, such increased inclusiveness and participation in decision-making processes an implementation of programmes in which communities have specific needs are central to stability in post-conflict societies. For example, according to the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID), Rwanda is working within a structured development framework towards a long-term vision via a poverty reduction strategy bolstered by a strong political commitment from the government (Kanyarukiga et al. Central to this debate is the tension between constitutional democracy as enacted by African state elites and preferred in the broader international community,3 and what as we noted earlier can be called utilitarian democracy, which is people-oriented and seeks to involve grassroots leadership in a more inclusive and participatory manner. Countries that have gone through devastating wars, for example, Liberia and the former Yugoslavia, often singled out perpetrators of crimes and violence on the assumption that justice is done by apprehending them. In any interdependent system there will be bids between two or more parties, these mechanisms are used to prevail the rule of law, institutions and harmony. Some employees just cannot or will not do this. Investigators have looked at the impact of several kinds of third-party interventions in international and ethno-political conflict, including peacekeeping, mediation, and problem solving workshops. The government’s anti-segregation (‘Barwanda’) policy underscores this initiative, designed to head off attempts to divide the population along ethnic lines that could threaten a return to genocide. The hallmark of this transition, of course, was the release of Nelson Mandela in 1990 after 27 years in prison and the negotiated end to the apartheid regime in South Africa. Critics question Kagame’s style of leadership, noting that it is tainted by the arrest and imprisonment of the former President and ally Pasteur Bizimungu, banning of political parties before 2003 elections, dominating the discourse about genocide to cover up atrocities committed by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and banning ethnically aligned political activities while maintaining a Tutsi dominated RPF Army and political party. Lerche, Charles O. Contains spam, fake content or potential malware, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR47/005/2010/en, http://www.nurc.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63:the-origin-of-rwandan-conflict&catid=35:researches&Itemid=40, http://www.trinstitute.org/ojpcr/4_2recon.htm, http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p74581_index.html, http://www.unifem.org/news_events/story_detail.php?StoryID=736, Amnesty International 2010. These are not merely limited to formal institutions of the state but include the entire public institutions like the political parties, and political activities, government and governance issues, parliament, cabinet, elections, etc. Gardner (1990:1) defines leadership as ‘the process of persuasion or example by which an individual induces a group to pursue objectives held by the leader or shared by the leader and his or her followers’. Ethno-political conflict research. In other words, “It’s not you. With this book, Sharoni creates an aperture for the emergence of new perspectives and alternative methods in the development of a new vision in global politics and gender equality. During the studies, students examine the major theories and leading practices of conflict and conflict resolution by using case studies. To the extent that objectives were participatory, state leaders mainly involved a tightly controlled group of political elites. CO-4: Evaluate the role of the United Nations, regional organizations, nation-states, and individuals in conflict resolution. Based on several years of ethnographic research in conflict zones around the world, it . Our emphasis is on the transformative leader who acknowledges the tension, but also the opportunities existing in a broadly participatory political process. Political reforms in Rwanda seem to reflect these theoretical models through decentralisation and political pluralism. 2001 demonstrate the range of the field and deal largely with contemporary and emerging concerns. 2. Political and economic structures and infrastructures had to be restarted. Tiemessen (2004) notes that the system, marred by ethnic tensions, and because of increasing state influence in the selection of judges and general administration, is viewed by many observers to serve and perpetuate Tutsi dominance and power, and silence dissenting voices against government. 7. Decentralisation also remains the principal gateway for citizens to decide and elect leaders of their preference and influence agendas for local governance and development. Endogenous mechanisms of justice, rooted in local community customs gain their preference in responding to local conflicts because they evolve and are practised for extended periods rather than being imposed or imported into societies (Zartman 2000:7). Truth commissions and national reconciliation: Some reflections on theory and practice. NURC, working through local councils, schools and other community structures, provides logistics and other forms of support. 1 Conflict and Resolution in Federal Bu d g e t i n g T his book is about the politics and processes of federal budgeting and the policies that emerge from them. Powley (2004:5) explains that ‘genocide was committed most heavily upon men, and women by their demographic majority took on multiple responsibilities to rebuild their families and the society’. Webley (2004) highlights the ongoing debate that locates Rwanda’s predisposition to the 1994 genocide in different political orders in the country’s history, for instance, the pre-colonial conquest of Hutus and Twa by Tutsi, European colonial rule and state structure, and the pre-genocide government of Habyarimana blamed for the collapse of the 1994 Arusha Accord. Required fields are marked *, © 2016 - 2021 OIJPCR. During this program, students get an opportunity to acquire and advance knowledge in peace and conflict research drawn from the insights of politics, international relations, sociology and psychology. The accord arrived at, ends the ceasefire process in existence since 1997 and locks in the NSCN (IM)’s commitment to peaceful dialogue. In 2002, the Kagame regime adopted gacaca to try lesser crimes of genocide, as an additional layer to provide local justice and involve local communities in the reconciliation process. Mutual agreement to address the issue and find some resolution. In conflict, social media makes communication for individuals and groups easier. It exist whenever incompatible activities occurs.1 An activity that is incompatible with another is one that prevents, blocks, or interferes with the occurrence or effectiveness of the second activity. More generally, this interdisciplinary work explores the relationship between law, politics and conflict. This book will be of much interest to students of human rights, conflict resolution, British politics, law and security studies. 2006). Note the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). They can prevent fires. This form of conflict resolution in the workplace has managers play a preventative role. Joseph, Richard 1997. The activities of the citizens in the state as members as well as operators came to be known as politics. We begin with a broad view of African democracy and of how leadership has shaped this phenomenon to respond to the needs of the political state. Initially, ingando participants retreated into residential programmes of between three weeks and two months, to reflect on their crimes and other atrocities and to commit themselves to ways of ensuring that crimes do not re-occur. This book examines how the different normative foundations of conflict resolution held by various global actors, their understandings of justice, and the differences between types of conflict influence the varying means by which conflicts ... It was found that a mediator intervenes because of its interest in the conflict or in obtaining an outcome, and it can play three roles-communicator, formulator, manipulator- in accomplishing its objectives. In 2001, Rwanda held the first local government elections, under the new policy to decentralise governance. Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: Peace and Conflict Studies, Security, grade: 1,7 (A-), Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, course: Conflict and Mediation, 10 entries in the ... Arc.Gov.In/arc_7th report/Ch 10.pdf. The elections manifesto is a true reflection of the philosophy and ideals of the party, the victorious party after coming to power should make policies according to those enumerated in the manifesto. Learn more in: Ethical Implications of Identity Politics for Good Governance in 21st Century Nigeria. As we have noted in one way or another, transformative leadership has to balance constitutional democracy (often under pressure from international actors) with utilitarian democracy where needs and interests of grassroots leadership are stimulated. This course will focus on the thickly interwoven spheres of religion and politics in the pre-modern Mediterranean world, this course will assess and evaluate the different ways that religion, politics and conflict have been constellated. This book offers new insights into the close relationship between political discourses and conflict resolution through critical analysis of the role of discursive change in a peace process. Forgiveness and Conflict Resolution - By John Moolakkattu* Introduction. Characteristic of this form of leadership, community leaders and followers have similar objectives and needs. Superordinate goals versus superordinate identity as bases of intergroup cooperation. There are various methods and approaches to deal with conflicts, but this article will analyse how politics is considered a means to resolve conflicts. . In this way, transformational leadership involves innovation, change, growth, and empowerment of self and others. In Rwanda a number of women play prominent roles in judicial, reconciliation and reconstruction processes, which demonstrates a remarkable transformation and improvement in their status in the culture and institutions of the state. Conflict analysis and resolution is designed to satisfy basic individual needs while accommodating all forms of government to the reality of individual power. The politics of peace and conflict is an inter-disciplinary field of study, concerned with developing an understanding of the origins of violent conflicts and possibilities for their resolution and transformation, as well as the conditions for building sustainable peace. This book looks at the worlding of the Global South in the process of assembling conflict resolution expertise. With support from the government, NURC revived the practice of ingando to engage convicts and communities in reconciliatory dialogue. According to Alan ball, political activity involves disagreements and reconciliation of those disagreements. Thus conflict resolution and peace building processes have become very essential in solving the problem of conflicts in the continent. The restorative role of women in post-conflict Rwanda was (and still is) supported in part by public and private organisations. The current outlook of women’s involvement in government and the roles they play at national, village and family levels demonstrate a leadership environment that had enabled transformation of such traditions to occur. Please simply create an account before buying/booking any courses. We look at reconciliation through justice, political reforms including decentralisation, and women’s empowerment as critical variables in this process, noting the conditions of implementation that create space for levels of leadership to execute a transformational agenda. In the dawn of the 21st century, the emerging African paradigm reflects a need for democratic capacity building – one that invites diverse communities into a participatory process with leadership. The government is also changing genocidal narratives at the national and grassroots levels, focusing on ethnic cooperation and unity, including efforts to make the whole population trilingual in Kinyarwanda, French and English. This book suggests a new explanation for why international peace interventions often fail to reach their full potential. This book offers new insights into the close relationship between political discourses and conflict resolution through critical analysis of the role of discursive change in a peace process. Kanyarukiga et al. When we speak of diverse communities, we address not so much ethnographic communities (although these are relevant) as we do class communities – in the knowledge that class divisions on the continent create resource-controlling elites. We argue that community capacity building through grassroots leadership is a necessary and sufficient ingredient for the development and sustenance of democracy in post-conflict societies. Please note: This book introduces Root Narrative Theory, a new approach for narrative analysis, decoding moral politics, and for building respect and understanding in conditions of radical disagreement. In this context, inter-ethnic grassroots communities remain disenfranchised, becoming the source of new or resurrected conflicts. The disagreement may be personal, financial, political, or emotional. In conflict, the speed and spread of information is increased by social media. Political conflict indicates a scenario where behavior of an actor (s) manifests itself in a confrontational way to promote their interests and try to stop other actors from obtaining their objectives. They have a great role to play in voicing and articulating the demands of the grieved citizens, Political parties are a vital link between the civil society and the state as depicted in the diagram below: If the political parties fail to articulate the demands of the civil society, conflicts emerge. Truth and Reconciliation Commissions: A review essay and annotated bibliography. Guinea Bissau and Gabon provide two more examples of democracy being thwarted by authoritarianism. Conflict is a catalytic agent for transformation, and conflict mitigation is the tool that negotiates this transformation. From this perspective, the normative value of democracy cannot be taken for granted, but depends on the way democracy is utilised. Politician’s identity:    study conducted by the Centre of Humanitarian Dialogue and Delhi Policy Group has shown that the identity of the politician is relevant for the incidence of conflicts. Or an activity concerning the citizen which arises at a public level. Political Conflicts & Conflict Resolution. Political Conflict 1. That means assessing the 2 primary factors that cause conflict. For instance, conscientious and empathic employees will need more of this than others will. Namrata Goswami, August 07, 2015, (Note:- The author is solely responsible for the content of the article). Receive latest updates, news and analysis from ACCORD. Decentralisation of governance (decision-making, fiscal and financial planning and management) to provincial and local levels, and multiparty politics are some of the major political reforms in the country. Due date for assessment submission has been clearly communicated to me. Conflicts reflects the diversities in Indian society be it race, religion, caste, colour, creed, place of birth, sex etc. Interest-based conflict resolution and transformation . The major water disputes have been enlisted below: The government has been successful in resolving these water conflicts by setting up inter-state water dispute tribunals. The potential for women’s political empowerment is supported by empirical data that show that as the representation of women increases in representative bodies, so does the legislation that speaks to their needs (Dowding, Godin and Pateman 2004:23). Conflict resolution studies should be con-cerned with ethnic conflicts. Please allow a few minutes for this process to complete. You'll also build trust with both parties. Thus, the ethic of procedural equality comes into play. Biblical principles for conflict resolution can be applied to any type of conflict. The practice has been in place in major parts of the country since pre-colonial days. Nantulya, Paul and Karin Alexander 2005. The social and political roles of women are critical to post-conflict stability and reconciliation. Conflict resolution in the workplace is often about how to deal with office politics as a manager. The significant and historical contribution that the theory of conflict resolution can make is to decision making - that is to the provention of conflict - and ultimately to providing a philosophy and a political-social system that could replace those presently dominant. The 1994 civil war and accompanying genocide devastated the country, with an unprecedented death toll of close to one million Tutsis and moderate Hutus, leaving thousands of orphans, disabled people, and widows. In: Capozza, Dora and Rupert Brown eds. In examining constructive responses to the problems caused by violent ethnic conflict a distinction is often made between the 'management' and 'resolution' approaches. Guiding the modern African state can be framed as a tension between constitutional democracy and utilitarian democracy. This book consists of fifteen essays, all written by experts in the field. The first three parts analyze the rise of transnational social movements in the context of broad twentieth-century trends. 5 Democratic Mechanisms for Conflict Resolution. The committee's research agenda has been designed to supplement the work of other groups, particularly the Carnegie Corporation of New York's Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, which issued its final report in December 1997. The main role of the researcher was to find out through this study, the role that the media can play in the process of political conflict resolution in regard to the fact that it is through the media that different political parties voice out their ideas to the public. Conflict resolution in the workplace can make office politics worse. the government. Nine women also occupied cabinet positions. CO-3: Assess distinct approaches to conflict resolution and mediation. Horowitz also suggests dispersion of territorial power to take the heat off of a single focal point, and policies to promote moderation, such as electoral laws that encourage pre-election coalitions and alliances in a multiparty setting. While these do not suggest the absence of inter-group differences in a post-conflict setting, they contribute greatly to socio-political transformations necessary for peace and reconciliation. By identifying it early they can head it off. There is a number of examples where leadership has created conflict so as to sustain themselves in their positions. Conflict resolution is generally conceptualized as practices, methods, and processes intended to solve a conflict and retain peace and normalcy. Political activity:     takes place when there are differences of opinion, disagreements about a certain political activity. The traditional thinkers, considered politics as a study to be associated with the state, and its various institutions. In the former, citizens get to know about their entitlements and are granted those. Conflict Resolution In African Countries Politics Essay. Such was the case in Rwanda where individuals who headed up humanitarian organisations were involved with Level 1 in the implementation of gacaca and ingando programmes, as part of the national reconciliation programme. Though cultures are powerful, they are often unconscious, influencing conflict and attempts to resolve conflict in . Avruch, Kevin and Beatriz Vejarano 2002. These are then aggravated by other causes including conflict over land, chieftaincy succession, politics and disagreement over resources (Lund & Boone, 2013; Noagah, 2013; Tonah, 2012; It aims at expansion of social opportunities and removal of poverty. Background Conflict Conflict is an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals.
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