The Shari‘ah commandments are based on four sources [the He specialises in many of the Islamic sciences and submitted his doctoral thesis on Islamic jurisprudence concerning Muslim minorities. Français fr. The seven modes of recitation are mutawaatir according to the four imams and other leading Sunni scholars. There are three ways of doing so, two at either end of a spectrum and one median course between them. It is no wonder, then, that such divergent backgrounds, varied schools, and different opinions proliferated by the exercise of Islamic rationality in the light of revelation. in A.P., India, p. IMPORTANT : All content hosted on Al-Islam.org is solely for non-commercial purposes and with the permission of original copyright holders. The first and foremost such issue is the concept of Divine revelation (or God speaking to man) as taught by Islam. With the ending of prophethood after the Holy Prophet Muhammad, the highest form of Divine revelation, which was exclusive to prophets, has also terminated. is Yahya.” This is, in fact, verse 19:7 of the Quran. None Muslim citizens of Islamic state . Then he had the revelation: “, He said: “All those who have entered, or are going to enter, Now let us see the charge of his suffering from epilepsy from medical point of view. We have refuted this claim regarding ‘Umar al-Faruq, both with firm logic and as supported by textual evidence, in our book al-Siyasat al-shari‘a. After some time he would raise his head and relate the revelation to them. Close knowledge of this matter is not obliged, and if it were there would be a means to attaining it; else it would require something beyond one’s capacity. Ibn Taymiyya composed in this regard a work in ten volumes, titled Dar’ ta‘arud al-‘aql wal-naql, clarifying that true ratiocination will never contradict true scripture. Then when you fear for him, cast him into the river, and do prophets, has also terminated. thee thy breast’, ‘thy Lord will soon give thee so that This occurred especially at the hands of Abu Hudhayl al-‘Allaf (d. 235 AH), Ibrahim al-Nizam (d. 231 AH), al-Jahiz (d. 255 AH), and others less meticulous in approaching scriptural interpretation, and specifically that of the Prophetic traditions (against certain of which—those they deemed to oppose rationality, the Qur’an, science, or reality—they leveled a sustain campaign of ridicule and critique). For Muslims, the Qur’an is the most important source of revelation. Although they are two distinct modes of transmitting the Word of God, they have one common source: the Incarnate Word, Jesus Christ. campaign, it was stated that it had been revealed to him that the Reason and Revelation in Islamic Thought One of the singular distinctions of Islam is the balance maintained between ‘aql and naql, that is, between human rational thought and revealed scripture. power to say: I am God. of angel Gabriel, who is seen and whose word is heard by the man receiving So when during prayer he reached the words, “Thee Charles Ryrie explains general revelation this way: General revelation is exactly that—general. xi, p. 361), (Al-Kibariyya al-Ahmar, footnote in Yawaqit, vol. Al-Raghib al-Asfahani defined reason in his Mufradat al-Qur’an as the power that enables knowledge. But there come people bereft of religious and linguistic knowledge who seek to impose unjustified rulings upon us, rulings that contravene the religion of the Umma as imparted by the Book of its Lord and the practice of its Prophet. These Islamic thinkers were concerned with how pagan philosophers, coming long before the final and ultimate revelation of Islam, were able to deduce certain truths that are inherent within Islam, truths which first became known to the Arab and Persian people through the Qur’anic revelation. … The Different Modes of Revelation to the Prophets – Al-Shura 42:51 – 52. “and wrote we for him in the tablets lessons of every kind ...”(7:145). There can be no rational refusal of such argument. The underlying reason for all this had to do with their imprisoning themselves in a specific theoretical framework by which what is common and habitual is rationally necessary—yet breaches of habit are possible, as established by the Prophetic miracles. Instead, he always gave most satisfactory and to-the-point answers in an extremely forceful, fluent and eloquent language immediately after this so-called epilepsy attack. body of the Holy Prophet [before his burial], they said: By God, we This is the expertise of rationality, to distinguish between positions based on tradition, opinion, the literal meaning and the principled objective, and between the lenient and the rigorous, the practice of God in creation. different meanings. It is the highest form of revelation, and Muslims believe the whole Quran was revealed in this mode. This position is refuted by Imam Muhammad ‘Abduh in his Risalat al-tawhid, as he decisively and logically establishes the human need for the divine message—for just as the empirical senses need the corrective of the intellect, so too the intellect needs a guidance greater than it (namely, revelation). God Most High says: Say, consider what is in the heavens and the earth (Q 10:101) and Do they not consider the dominion of heavens and earth, and what things God has created (Q 7:185). Even the revelation is judged by its coherence, by its capacity to make sense somehow to both the spirit and the mind. Are intellects equal or unequal? They do not utter with the verifying scholars of old, What we hold to be correct may be mistaken, and what we hold to be mistaken may be correct—indeed, they arrogantly insist on the opposite, pressing polemically against their opponents and incapable of bearing criticism. This type of inspiration still continues. 3.2 Types and purpose of Revelation of the religion, so does revelation make clear the secrets and subtleties The opposite may likewise occur, as when some people consider certain hypotheses or scientific claims to be truths verified by reason and supported by evidence, while they are nothing more than theories, interpretations, or inferred conclusions (for example, the theory of Darwin as propounded by the neo-Darwinists, or the theory of certain ancient philosophers as to the shape of the universe). Login; Toggle navigation Righteousness is what affords the soul and heart tranquility. Mu ‘tazilite Rationalists and words, and meaningless nonsense, ... if such a man means to say ‘Miracles’, sec. The third is exclusive to prophets, and after the Holy Prophet Muhammad this mode has terminated. men alike, still continue. According to Shaykh as-Saduq, this mode was chosen by Allah when He wished to reveal something to the Holy Prophet without using the agency of Gabriel.6. 3), “The word of God which is communicated to His prophets and the revelation: “We give thee good news of a boy, whose name This is what today requires systematic refutation, for it renders religion a soft dough to be kneaded as they choose. Is its locus in the head or the heart? In Islamic terminology, wahyi means communication of idea, command and information from Allah to a chosen human being, conveyed either directly or through supernatural agencies like angels.1, “Ilham” (الهام) literally means to inspire: to put a thought or an idea into the mind of someone. Another example is of our Prophet (s.a.w) when he ascended to the heavens in mi’raj. but the Sufis term wahy as inner revelation.”, (Miftah al-‘Ulum, Daftar iv, Part I, vol. Did they witness their creation? The essence of their philosophy, the experts explain, was the essential unity of religion and philosophy, that is, between law (shari‘a) and wisdom (hikma); and this was their undoing. The first call to the Prophet Musa (a.s) is one example. - Disregard for the ranking of actions or the jurisprudence of priorities (fiqh al-awlawiyyat), such that they often concern themselves more with supererogatory actions than with obligations, and with disliked things over those outright prohibited, and with ancillary rather than core issues In these two texts, we propounded several guidelines for comprehension and interpretation, and warned of the pitfalls that can lead to misunderstandings, misinterpretation, or misrepresentation. God Most High says: And they will say, Our Lord! The scholars of Kalam (also known as usul al-din) held that the intellect is the basis of revelation, in the sense that revealed scripture is affirmed through rational means. ii, p. 276), (Ruh al-Ma‘ani, vol. revelatio) is a translation of the Greek word apokalypsis, which means the removal of a veil so that something can be seen. Revelation (naql) Revelation emanating from the same God, with modes of expression that differ in the ... of Muslim piety and by aspects of Islam which remain unknown to the vast majority of non- ... and retain notions about the Islamic Revelation which are entirely mistaken. Sometimes, continuous and high-pitched voices would reach his ears, at the end of which he would find the message of God imprinted on his heart. Reason is left to explore the manifest layers of existence to the extent it is able, and render of it what is in its power, for all of it was rendered subservient to him by God for his benefit: And has made of service to you whatsoever is in the heavens and whatsoever is in the earth; it is all from Him. So he named Glorified is He, and high Exalted above what they say! a voice from behind him saying: “Abdullah Ibn Zaid Ibn Abd Rabbih related: When the Holy Prophet Alfred Guillaume writes in his book Islam about the institution of prophethood that “the Hebrew religion gave content and meaning to the word ‘Nabi’, which, originally, applied to a person who in a state of uncontrollable emotion and excitement proclaimed a message which his hearers attributed to a god... the outward marks of a prophet in Israel were (a) impassioned utterance; (b) poetry: (c) intense pre-occupation with God and moral issues: (d) a sense of compulsion urging him to declare the will of God. Such a hypothesis seems gratuitous and can safely be ascribed to anti-Muhammadan prejudice. The second domain is that where no scriptural warrant obtains. - The specific meaning elaborating on these sources, which is the focus of much debate in Islamic thought. We have composed an entire book expounding the value accorded by the Qur’an to the intellect and its fruits in knowledge. Dr. Muhammad al-Bahi notes (again in his al-Janib al-ilahi min al-tafkir al-Islami): “The Muslim Peripatetic philosophers of the east did not achieve their aim to establish the existence of God from bare existence, the proofs of religion alongside those derived from the existing world. Their “loss” with respect to religion is figured in the Muslim reluctance to embrace them, and the broad scholarly agreement as to their having gone beyond the pale of Islam (despite the general prudence in matters of blasphemy). It was his charge to clarify the Revelation through his conduct, his words, and his tacit approval. "...and inspired in each heaven its command," (Quran 41:12 - Sahih International). The Qur’an bases this rationality upon seven pillars that we shall briefly reiterate here: 1. An inspired message – not a word but an idea – can enter the heart of the chosen individuals either in the state of consciousness or in dream. In linguistic terms, the modes of revelation can be understood, in part, as different registers, as This term can fruitfully be compared to reason. 7) Attend the habitual ways of God (i.e., invariable processes) in the universe and society. Ultimately, they constantly privileged reason over revelation, and even in this a Greek philosophical rationality (historically embedded in paganism) rather than an Islamic rationality (embedded in strict monotheism). (Q 43:19). p. 5), (Commentary of Baidawi, vol. It is said that he even wept upon the revelation of the chapter. The period of revelation spanned 22 years, 2 months and 22 days. / He will go before his people on the Day of Resurrection and will lead them to the Fire; and wretched is the place where they are led (Q 11:97-98). Although Imam al-Ghazali far extended the scope of legitimate interpretation (especially in his work Faysal al-tafriqa bayn al-Islam wal-zandaqa), it is impossible to admit these philosophers therein due to their explicit opposition to the absolute fundamentals of Islam and the pillars of creed. Revelation and Spiritual Audition in Islam Inspiration and celestial communication in the ancient world The phenomenon of revelation is at the heart of the faith and at the centre of Islamic thought, not only as far as the bearer of the message is concerned but also as a mode of knowledge and of priviledged experience in relation to the use of rational faculties.1 We shall examine here … Ultimately, it must be emphasized that the rationality upheld by Greek antiquity was not pure, instead being limited by its pagan imagination. Perhaps the most authoritative Mu‘tazilite exegesis is that of the famous ‘Allama al-Zamakhshari titled al-Kashshaf, which clearly exhibits its sectarian leanings in regard to such contentious issues as the nature of the beatific vision in the hereafter; the divine enactment of everything, including sins; and the interpretation of divine attributes such as knowledge, power, will, and so on. [2] For this reason, our scholars affirm that the community is, as a whole, protected from altogether agreeing upon error. Utilities: / Or did they create the heavens and the earth? The location of the beast, an Islamic Caliphate, is questionable. Now, certainly: the earlier centuries of this community were better, for they were in closer proximity to the Prophetic age and the illumination of his lights. Others hold transmitted or revealed knowledge alone to be the font of all truths. Yet after having propounded these decisive proofs for the prophethood of Muhammad, God bless him and grant him peace, that he is truly the messenger of God and that the scripture he came with is truly of divine provenance, the intellect is left little to do except receive that message, preserve it, and convey it to others. Revelation leaves reason room to explore the universe at will, reaching high to the heavens and deep into the earth, and contemplating the self. They are those who are variously known as the new literalists, although they did not truly grasp these meanings of revelation. (Q 2:170). Or are they the creators? - The general meaning, denoting simply the primary sources of Islam: the Qur’an and Prophetic practice ordered the making of a trumpet to use it to call people to prayer, What is the meaning and philosophy of ‘gradual revelation of the Quran’? right path” (7:148). “He (i.e. Every religion which believes in God believes in revelation. First one was that, Hazrat Jibrael (R.A) would come before him either in a form of man or in his original form and would inspire in his heart, the words of revelations. till the present day, to show that revelation continues and to Incumbent upon protecting the Qur’an is God’s preserving the community that bears it and conveys it to others. In Arabic language the word “Soum” is used for: Fasting. Nay, but they are sure of nothing (Q 52:35-36). Revelation involves the 'revealing' of truth and, for many religions, is an important part of learning about God. I have expounded this opinion and its conditions in the introduction to my book, al-Muntaqa min al-targhib wal-tarhib. Each one of them bespeaketh the sovereignty of God, the Help in Peril, the Self-Subsisting. For indeed it is not the hearts that grow blind but it is the hearts, which are in the bosoms, that grow blind (Q 22:46). Allah says: "Allah has delivered you out of your mothers' wombs without _____. “From behind a veil” — this includes dreams, visions, These criteria are articulated according to a sound method, but mistakes may arise if they are not applied with rigor and nuance. It is general in its … He provides complex theories which address the role of Islamic … How then does she arrive in Hellfire? you do but guess (Q 6:148). God caused them to fall asleep, till there was not one of them whose The Intellect as the Foundation of Revelation So whoever is wary of these matters, he has preserved his state and his religion.” And he said: “Consult your heart and your soul. It is evident that this definition of the intellect is active, not substantial. Eat and drink and cool the eye.” “Revelation” (lat. Do you not know how Mary saw Gabriel as a strong, healthy man, and 62, ch. With the ending of prophethood after the Holy Prophet Muhammad, 19:2). I saw in a dream a man carrying a trumpet in his hand. (Fath al-Bari, standard commentary of Bukhari, vol. 2) The traditionalists For these reasons, the Qur’an calls reason to independently examine the messengership of Muhammad, God bless him and grant him peace. containing the Shari‘ah.”, “And thus the coming of the Quran upon the hearts of the saints It there leaves every individual to consult his heart and act therein what would satisfy his soul per precautions and prudence. In other words, reason searches out satisfactory answers to the enduring questions that humans have asked since time immemorial, namely: who am I? we submit’.” (5:111). It is universally agreed that the Qur’an is the primary source of Islam, its creed, ritual worship, everyday transactions, ethics, values, and concepts; and that the Sunna expounds and clarifies these. Observation. need for revelation (ilham), and what deficiency is there Did you know that Muslims believe in a Gospel, but not Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John? This is one of the highest grades What! 2), (Kitab al-Lama’, by Abu Nasr Abdullah al-Qausani, The words referred to are in a verse of the Quran in chapter Joseph Thus they tend to forbid everything, even photography (which is technically an inverted image of a mirror and so not an idolatrous fabulation), television, and film; singing, all the more so when involving instrumentation and specifically with female singers; women revealing their faces (which they consider ‘awra and so to be concealed, merely covering the hair and neck being insufficient and sinful according to them); and men cutting their beards. “By sending a messenger” — this refers to the sending (regarded as partial prophethood) continues among the Muslims. His word is heard and understood.”, “I am not an ordinary preacher like your preachers. For the slayer may be in Hellfire due to his crime of infanticide, but what of the slain girl-child? This is cause to demote the evidentiary weight of the report. This is the group, including al-Kindi, al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and others, that ensconced Aristotle as the font of their ideas and philosophical positions, calling him “the first teacher” and defending his methods. The following words of Alfred Guillaume are enough to expose the hollowness of this malicious and baseless charge: “A past generation of Arabists... advanced the theory that Muhammad was an epileptic. The Beginning of Revelation. These and other matters reveal themselves to those of insight. Shaikh Haitham is highly respected having specialised knowledge in the field of fiqh, usul al-fiqh, maqasid al-shari'ah, ulum al-Qur’an, tafsir, aqidah, and fiqh al-hadith. There is no doubt that the greatest minds of the Umma worked in its service and sanctification, due to whose efforts we now have the various disciplines of exegesis, hadith, fiqh, sufism, theology, and theoretical sciences necessary for these such as legal theory, the principles of commentary, and hadith methodology. of revelation exclusive to prophets, has ended, but Divine communication 1) The rationalists Moreover, Muhammad was a man whose common sense never failed him. To this end it is said, take revelation in your right hand and reason in your left, taking care not to prioritize the latter over the former. In contrast, the Traditions of the Prophet Muhammad record the sayings, actions and tacit approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. One: Not to take reason as unrestricted arbiter, which is the role of revelation. What God effects does not contradict itself, nor is it inconsistent. (Q 10:101) and And in the earth are portents for those whose faith is sure / and in yourselves. 14. 3) Refuse blind imitation of one’s forefathers and ancestors. For example, they held that the God they believed in (the Necessarily Existent) is not the creator of the world who generated it ex nihilo; rather, they held the world to be uncreated and eternal. Referring to all worshippers of false gods, it is said: “Those But no historian has ever said that there was ever such an attack on the Holy Prophet during any battle or distress. He said: It was revealed which most people cannot understand. “The door of prophethood is closed after the Holy Prophet Muhammad, When Muslims migrated to Madinah and an Islamic community started to be well-established and new challenges emerged, the main focus of the revelation was to regulate the life of Muslims … 3. and is the consequence of the blessings of following the prophets.”, “This humble one was lifted up from the dirt of degradation, And where am I going? greet you while you are lying in your beds.”, “God revealed to me, saying: I will give you the, “Warn thy near relatives.” (The Quran, 26:214), “Say: Allah is sufficient for me.” (39:38), “Be steadfast as thou art commanded, and follow not their Even though their fathers were wholly unintelligent and had no guidance? by Idara Hifz-i Muarif-i Islamia, Lahore, 3rd ed., 1965, p. 48, footnote), (Monthly Tarjuman al-Quran, September 1961, p. 100), 5. are commands. makes them understand the meaning which He intends, and they receive True Dreams: This method is not new. to us ... and we submit to Him” (2:136) was revealed in revelation He is but a warner in the face of terrific doom (Q 34:46) and, the Messenger speaking of the Qur’an: Say: If God so willed, I should not have recited to you nor would He have made it known to you. The discussion and analysis of “revelation” or al-Wahyu relating to the notion of revelation as a guide to human life never stops from the surface of the work of Islamic thinkers, and is very dynamic from time to time. ‘hold thyself with those who call upon their Lord morning and this verse lays the foundation for understanding 'wahi'.based on this verse islamic scholars have described three ways in which Allah's revelation can reach the chosen individuals, especially the prophets. Furthermore, … 3) The median between the rationalists and traditionalists: those who harmoniously combine the two sources of knowledge ripe dates will fall on you. 2008 WAEC Islamic Religious Knowledge (IRK) Theory Explain the modes of revelation as stated in the Qur’an. Even after the intellect recognizes this condition of existence, it does not immediately acknowledge everyone claiming to be a Messenger from God; rather, it tries to substantiate this claim beyond its own proclamation, that the messenger does not represent himself but the will of the God who sent him. Finally, however, they would privilege revealed knowledge over rational speculation. For indeed it is not the hearts that grow blind but it is the hearts, which are in the bosoms, that grow blind (Q 22:46); Bring me a scripture before this, or some vestige of knowledge, if you are truthful (Q 46:4); Ask the followers of Remembrance if you know not! Yet I was able to find an acceptable interpretation of this hadith, namely that it was directed specifically at its addressees, while one overhearing it thought it had general import for the Umma as a whole. these would apply to him as to the Holy Prophet.”, (‘Aqidat al-Umma fi ma‘ni khatam an-nubuwwat, published xii, p. 319), (Futuhat Makkiyya, Part II, p. 90, question no. The Quranic verse “We believe in God and what has been revealed This occurs through the existence of communities dedicated to it and of it, with a distinct identity: And of those whom We created there is a nation who guide with the Truth and establish justice therewith (Q 7:181). And that its efforts are absolutely negated, for all that is asked is accepting the message, implementing it, and submitting to it—all without asking why or how? The philosophic litterateur and philosopher of the litterateurs Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi notes, in his al-Imta‘ wal-mu’anisa, the words of a Shaykh to whom were brought certain treatises of the Ikhwan al-Safa. parts of prophethood. The Qur’an includes many other formulations (some of which are reproduced below) that are unprecedented in the texts of earlier religious communities. If we find a proof-text from the Sunna truly contradicting the Qur’an, that is grounds for suspecting its veracity. this is called wahy, and with saints it is called ilham, Certain scholars believe the Qur’an attends to the intellect as a verb or an action, not a substance or a power. Among their ranks too were those who combined deep knowledge of religion and knowledge of medicine, such as Ibn Rushd, al-Fakhr al-Razi, and Ibn al-Nafis (the discoverer of pulmonary transit and one of the leading Shafi‘ite jurists Ibn Subki included in his biographical dictionary Tabaqat al-shafi‘iyya al-kubra). - They vastly amplify prohibitions, for they proscribe matters based on weak hadiths, and if strengthened through multiple chains although that is no argument as to its application, or based on only implied proscriptions they deem more explicit than warranted—because they grant probative value to express texts that are not sound, and to sound texts that are not express. which were always received by both prophets and non-prophet holy enthusiasm that it was revealed to me through revelation.”, “Some of those who have Divine experience have said about The Pears Cyclopaedia says: “Fits may have many causes. ch. Does God not have the vii, p. 64, under verse 33:40), (Mishkat, Book of Prayer, ch. The 7/10 alliance of nations is either located around the Arabian Peninsula, or East Jerusalem. enemy would be defeated.”, “Ali and al-Fazl were washing the Holy Prophet’s body Lo! a mark of being rejected from the Divine Presence.”, “Imam Ja‘far says: I read the Quran with such zeal and To a similar end, I wrote my earlier books Contemporary Ijtihad, Between Discipline and Decadence and Fatwas, Between Discipline and Indolence. These are groups that, although they differed from and indeed repudiated the more extreme Mu‘tazilite positions that contravened the orthodox creed of Ahl al-Sunna, did not entirely banish the intellect from their epistemology. The most important matter we clarified there was that the Qur’anic teachings and guidance work toward a rational, scientific project that can yield a true renaissance, build a civilization, and found disciplines of knowledge. In the first dream, he saw that the Umayyads were climbing his pulpit like monkeys.3 He was so grieved by that dream that he did not smile from then on till his last breath. “It is not possible for a man that he should receive the message of Allah except either by inspiration or from behind a curtain, or Allah sends angels and the angels bring the message of Allah, whatever Allah wishes. Follow not that whereof you have no knowledge. The Qur’an was revealed to the Prophet over a period of 23 years. Shaykh al-Ghazali countermanded the hadith narrated by al-Bukhari, “Were it not for the Children of Israel, flesh would not rot,” because putrefaction is a habitual process belonging to the natural order, occurring both before and after the Children of Israel! 2) Refuse the influence of fancies, and the guidance of emotions, for these affect rational and objective considerations. Their philosophical efforts thus ended in disappointment. It speaks to what we have called a “scope of grace” as found in the marfu‘ Prophetic hadith narrated by Abu al-Darda’: “Whatever God has permitted in his Book is permitted; whatever He has proscribed is forbidden; and whatever He is silent upon is pardoned, so receive what God has pardoned. - Related to the preceding, that they concern themselves more with the Sunna than with the Qur’an, and moreover are unconcerned with understanding the Sunna in the light of the Qur’an The prophets were not just wise men with intellectual insight but received their messages directly from God. And the Qur’an refers to the intellect or intellects with the term al-nuha in Q 20:54: Lo! revelation came down and give a coherent account of the history of the prophet’s . The infusion of an idea into the mind, which is called. The revelations were stopped for a period, after first revelation, which caused the Prophet to worry. Once they … It is this tendency of the Christians about which Bishop Boyd Carpenter wrote in The Permanent Element in Religion: “Muhammad is by many seen only through the fog which dread and ignorance have spread around him. This means that God gave humans the tools of perception and experimentation, and the “heart”—that is, the intellect—is the instrument of logical reflection and deliberation. 55, p. 19), (ibid., Part VI, Daftar iii, Letter no. In stark contrast, those known as the Folk of Hadith (ahl al-hadith) in our own age do not follow the example of Malik, Ahmad, Bukhari, and their fellows, those foremost scholars and adepts who combined knowledge of hadith with understanding of jurisprudence, and refrained from casting these Prophetic reports about in their quarrels. (43:59). iii, Part VII, Daftar ii, Letter
Dune Series Hardcover, What Did The Violinist Say To The Violist, My Dad Passed Away From Covid, Liam Smith Vs Anthony Fowler Time, Viking International Eastbourne Scores, Can I Ask Allah To Make Someone Love Me, Clifford Chance Training Contract Dubai, Nhs Waste Disposal Guidelines, Mazda 3 Sport 2008 For Sale Near Warsaw, Garden Of Life Raw Fit High Protein, Best Laptop/tablet For Students,